Risk Management, Its Methodologies and Standards

Introduction Risk management is an integral part of any organisation. The efficiency of risk management determines organisational success. The construction industry is where risk management is applied widely as a principle.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Management, Its Methodologies and Standards specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Chapman and Ward (2003), risk management can be viewed as the process of risk identification, assessment, and prioritisation. During a risk identification process, people who are responsible for its control in organisations can proceed with the process of mitigating the hazard. Risk minimisation or management is only successful through a well-coordinated process that involves maximisation of the available resources (Vose 2000). There are different sources of risks in any market such as financial uncertainty, failure in the undertaken projects, and accidents in the lin e of work (Vose 2000). Other risks in organisations include legal liabilities within the project and the possibility of natural and fabricated disasters (Bennett 2003). These risks can cause negative effects on the organisations if they are unpredicted and/or unplanned for by the concerned parties. Organisations need to ensure that they have adequate risk management strategies in place to ensure that they are able to curb the threats posed by any possible risk. Through many studies in risk management, several standards have resulted such as the ISO standards (Harris McCaffer 2006). This paper looks at risk management and methodologies that are used to achieve these standards. Methodologies The management of threats to the normal functioning of an organisation or any project can take a number of routes. As a result, many methods of risk management have been identified. One way of threat management involves the transfer of the threat to another party that is equipped to handle the th reat (Harris McCaffer 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organisations or project managers and other people who are entrusted with threat management can also avoid the perceived threat as another way of threat management (Vose 2000). If the threat is unavoidable, the effects of the threat can be reduced through proper control of the threat. Threats are associated with negative effects. A way to ensure that they are mitigated is to plan adequately and/or set up structures to control the perceived threats. The method of risk management involves five basic processes, namely threat identification, threat assessment, risk determination, risk reduction assessment, and prioritisation of the reduction measures (Vose 2000). The first step of threat identification involves a number of intricate processes that vary from one organisation to another. In this process, potential thre ats are identified according to the field or line of business that an organisation is operating. Threats are considered those events that pose potential harm to the organisational processes or structure. The sources of the potential threats are then identified using the available structures in the organisation as a whole. In the analysis of the sources of risks, categorisation into internal and external sources is possible to dictate the best methods of handling the threats and risks (Bennett 2003). In the construction industry, some of the sources of threats and risks include poor weather and the employees within the industry. In this case, employees act as the internal risk while the weather is an external risk. Risk identification takes different forms in organisations. The process is dependent on culture, the practice in the particular industry, and training for the risk assessment managers (Vose 2000). Once identified, the perceived risks are then subjected to the next step of assessment (Bennett 2003).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Management, Its Methodologies and Standards specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The assessment of risks involves estimating their severity, the estimation of the probability of the risks occurring, and the period in which they may occur (Harris McCaffer 2006). The risk management plan is a product of adequate risk assessment. Therefore, adequate resources must be put into the risk assessment to ensure that the developed plan is adequate to forestall any threat. Various researchers have described the methods applied in risk assessment. However, these methods are not always positive to the overall organisational performance. Expert Audit An expert audit is important in the determination of the impeding risks and developing of adequate means and measures of mitigating them. In this section, an expert audit is provided on the risks involved when joining a university. It is crucial to classify and rank the risks in order, with an assessment of the usefulness of measures to communicate the risks to the newer students. Several risks are associated with joining university. One major risk is the probability of doing a course that is not marketable in the job market. A student can join the university with inadequate knowledge of the marketability of the course that he or she is about to do. The result of this situation is unemployment once he or she completes the course. Another risk is the failure to complete the university education. Students encounter hardships along the way such as lack of fees to pay for the services. Another risk on joining university is poor performance, which may lead to redoing a year or sitting for supplementary papers. This case is a common incidence in many institutions. Students who join these institutions are at the risk of the same occurrences. The fourth risk upon joining the university is the possibility of being involved with the wrong company, with the result being disciplinary measures because of misconduct. Peer influence is a significant part of any learning institution.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students are constantly under the threat of being involved in peer relationships that are likely to be a negative influence on their studies. The fifth risk on coming to campus is the probability of being involved in drug abuse. Many of the students have found themselves in groups that influence and/or cause them to abuse drugs, with disciplinary measures often working against their favour. The evaluation of risk management for the stated risks will be beneficial in assessing the risks for the students joining the university since it enables them to develop adequate ways of avoiding the risks. Some of the ways that the new students can use include adequate choice making on the company that they need to keep. It will be important to communicate these risks to new students to the institutions. This strategy will help them assess their interactions and habits. The risk assessment will also enable these students have the right measures in place to help them avoid situations that might i nfluence their academic life and performance negatively. In this scenario, risk assessment is not only important but a requirement (Bennett 2003). Health and Safety Risk Management The Construction Design and Management (CDM) regulations of 2007 have been a common term in the construction industry since their inception. However, there is the need to change these regulations based on the assessments done on them by a number of researchers and construction managers (Harris McCaffer 2006). The HSE statistical data shows that the efficacy of the regulations may not be originally designed (Vose 2000). The main concern in these regulations is how they were working in practice, as stated in many forums (Vose 2000). According to reviews carried on them, these regulations are serving their intended purpose in guaranteeing safety and health management in the construction industry. However, people who are tasked with these reviews had concerns with the way the regulations were less effective in the minimisation of bureaucracy and competence evaluation in the construction practice (Chapman Ward 2003). A review of the regulations and processes provided an overview of the poor competence and training in the construction industry in matters relating to health and safety. There were also concerns over the proliferation of accreditation schemes, which also had overlapping roles (Vose 2000). The Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) of the CDM regulations of 2007 also lacked any pre-qualification measures for the accrediting authorities (Chapman Ward 2003). Recommendations can be based on the established weaknesses and problems. One of the recommendations is that there is the need to revise the guidelines that are set by the regulations. However, the revision needs to be consultative. Another recommendation is that the HSE should evaluate the CDM effectiveness and ensure that the duties expressed here are clear and that there is the presence of little if any bureaucracy. Besides, appropriate guidelines can be formulated for smaller projects that are considerate of project scale (Hartmann, van Meerveld, Vossebeld Adriaanse 2012,). There is also need to carry out consultative interactions between authorities and stakeholders to oversee proper utilisation of the guidelines that are already in place before new ones can come into effect. Any of these proposed changes should keep with the prevailing standards while also serving as an improvement of health and safety regulations in the construction industry (Harris McCaffer 2006). BIM as a Tool for Risk Management Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an important methodology in the management of construction risks. It mainly applies in the management of managing procurement risk (Eadie, Browne, Odeyinka, McKeown, McNiff 2012). BIM allows managers to coordinate events in the construction process from start to finish (Chapman Ward 2003). Over the next ten years, the use of 2D in modelling will be obsolete wit h the development of BIM (Vose 2000). The future models will be 3Ds, which offer better resolutions and ability for the construction designers and managers to plan and put in place measures that are aimed at improving their projects and reducing costs and risks in the construction process (Chapman Ward 2003). Clash identification is important in project design and in the utilisation of BIM in the construction process. One way in which clash identification assists in risk identification is through allowing appropriate measures to be put in place before the actual construction process can take place (Harris McCaffer 2006). Risk identification in BIM is possible through the advanced processing models that have been developed through trial and error. Learning about BIM is important since it carries some advantages while working on a construction process. BIM has allowed the creation of very advanced designs in the construction industry. This situation has created competition. BIM has also improved the safety of projects through subjecting designs to appropriate tests while they are at the design phase. The construction costs have also been reduced through adequate planning that is possible with BIM. A 3D model that is produced in the software allows managers to make any changes in the construction process to ensure that they minimise the materials to be used in the construction process (Chapman Ward 2003). It also contributes to safety at the workplace due to the development of standards and estimation of the areas that might be a challenge to the construction workers. In the training, especially in relation to the course, BIM is important in that it allows students to have a better grasp of the construction process and planning for such events (Bynum, Issa Olbina 2013). In the future interviews, BIM will be important in demonstration of skills that are acquired through training. Having competencies in BIM will be an added advantage at the workplace. Interview s require one to be acquainted with the use of the software. In the work situation, BIM will be important since it will bring added advantages such as stated above. BIM has had an impact on design in several ways. For instance, designs have become complicated, as designers are able to evaluate the different methods of design and test them on the planning phase (Bynum, Issa Olbina 2013). BIM has also revolutionised designing of construction projects by ensuring that they are adequately tested for safety in the development stage. Designers also have more time and resources available to them while using BIM (Vose 2000). The BIM execution plan has been a significant part of the design. Developers can now assess the various parts of the project accurately (Bynum, Issa Olbina 2013). The execution plan is simple for the construction designers. It only requires basic knowledge in design. Risk Management of Infrastructure Investment in infrastructure over the last two decades in the UK has changed significantly. Some of the changes in the infrastructure projects include the rate at which the tendering, procurement, and the actual construction process take place (Park Kim 2007). The design of infrastructure has improved with improvements in the designing software and knowhow (Harris McCaffer 2006). The observed changes have also taken place because of the new regulations in government procurement and tendering processes. The introduction of stricter measures in the industry means that the construction companies have to comply with higher standards than previously considered. The difference with infrastructure financing and investment in the UK is evident. Infrastructure financing is the actual financial input into infrastructure projects, while infrastructure investment looks at the overall number and size of the infrastructure projects. Risks in infrastructure investments can attract massive losses in the industry, with finance being lost this way. The risks in thi s area include financial risks, legal risks, and environmental risks. The financial risks include the poor financing that may be evident as the prices of goods in the industry escalate. The poor weather and other environmental forces such as storms may be a risk for the infrastructure too. Conclusion Risk management is an integral part of any organisation. The efficiency of risk management determines organisational success. The construction industry is where risk management is applied widely as a principle. Different sources of risks in any market include financial uncertainty, failure in the undertaken projects, accidents in the line of work, legal liabilities within the project, and the possibility of natural and fabricated disasters. These risks have been identified as causes of negative effects on the organisations if they are unpredicted and/or spontaneous. The paper looked at some of the risk management methodologies. It has provided an audit into the risks associated with joi ning the university besides looking at some ways that are used in risk management. References Bennett, F 2003, The Management of Construction: A Project Life Cycle Approach, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. Bynum, P, Issa, R Olbina, S 2013, ‘Building Information Modelling in Support of Sustainable Design and Construction’, Journal Of Construction Engineering Management, vol. 139 no. 1, pp. 24-34. Chapman, C Ward, S 2003, Project Risk Management: processes, Techniques and Insights, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, London. Eadie, R, Browne, M, Odeyinka, H, McKeown, C McNiff, S 2012, ‘BIM implementation throughout the UK construction project lifecycle: An analysis’, Automation In Construction, vol. 36 no. 1, pp. 145-151. Harris, F McCaffer, R 2006, Modern Construction Management, Blackwell, London. Hartmann, T, van Meerveld, H, Vossebeld, N Adriaanse, A 2012, ‘Aligning building information model tools and construction management methods’, Automation I n  Construction, vol. 22 no. 1, pp. 605-613. Park, C Kim, H 2007, A framework for construction safety management and visualisation system’, Automation In Construction, 33, Augmented Reality in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction, pp. 95-103, Routlege, London. Vose, D 2000, Quantitative Risk Analysis: A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulation, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, London. This report on Risk Management, Its Methodologies and Standards was written and submitted by user America E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Yoruba warlords essays

Yoruba warlords essays Yoruba Warlords of the 19th Century written by Toyin Falola and G. O. Oguntomisin depicts the view of Yoruba life from a historical perspective. This book mainly focuses on Yoruba citizens going to war, and how it affects people around them. It is split up into two parts. The first part discusses the heroes that came out of warfare, and how they rose to the occasion. The second part which will be the primary focus of this essay discusses the diplomatic nature of warfare, and the consequences which it had on those people affected by war. Yoruba warfare of the Nineteenth Century is a well written book, which presents many aspects to war besides the casualties and heroes; it shows the interests of the entire society from a historical perspective. This perspective truly puts this book on another level from other books which try to depict a book based on a period filled with warfare. The authors accomplish this by successfully narrating the role of the warlord, and depicting the refugees, and their quest for survival. Wars resulted from their personal clashes of ambition. (p. 13). This is one of the main arguments made by the authors in regard to the causes of war. Moreover, they not only focus on the nineteenth century, but as a historical book they show examples of the past, which helps the readers conclude to realize that war was not always the answer. War was seen as a last result between Yoruba sub-groups, and even if they did go to war it was a wrestling match between the leaders (13). Falola and Oguntomisin brilliantly depict the role of the warlord by illustrating them with barbarian like characteristics. This is personified by the warlords uneasiness when there prolonged periods of peace or truce. An interesting fact in this book is how warlords would exaggerate their birth or career in order to separate themselves from the ordinary man. One of the most interesting facet...

Differentiated Instruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Differentiated Instruction - Research Paper Example With the coming into implementation of the plan instruction and, assessment and curriculum for education in the school district has been aligned to this. I am currently serving as a teacher at Hillcrest Elementary School a position I have held for the last seven years. The school has a population of about seven hundred students, in preparatory school through to the seventh grade. Each level has three classes which have a team led by a team leader (Cusumano &Mueller, 2007). Instructional support is offered by a psychologist employed by the school on full time basis, a rereading consultant for the reading program, special education program which is staffed with gifted and talented teacher. In 2010 the school district put into action a balanced literacy program intended to align every school standards with those of the state (Cifuentes, &Ozel, 2006). While this program has been successfully implemented in terms of curriculum and instructional support, Hillcrest Elementary School still h as the lowest rate of literacy especially in reading with approximately 35% of the learners scoring minimal and basic scores in the sixth grade WKCE. Description of Objectives To improve proficiency in the implementation of a balanced literacy program in my classroom placing significant emphasis on instructed reading so as to enhance learner achievement aligned to school benchmarks, while at the same time enhancing enjoyment and interest in reading (Lawrence-Brown, 2004). Rationale for the Objectives and the Connection to Self Reflection, Educational Situation, and Standards The school district has been engaged in the implementation of a balanced literacy framework that covers the seven schools in the district. Greater emphasis has been placed upon the training and implementation of writers’ workshop, guided reading and supplementary literacy initiatives incorporated into all K-5 classrooms (Levy, 2008). Hillcrest Elementary School has set benchmarks of the improvement of wri ting and reading which is based upon school performance data. In my reflection I determined that there was a need to take into account best practices in reading instruction. I recognized a need to acquire more skills in the employment of guided strategies for reading which took into account and focused upon specific needs of individual students (Zmuda, Kuklis, & Kline, 2004). In the past my teaching was primarily targeted at the class as a whole which resulted in a feeling that there was a discrepancy since the high performers felt underworked while the low achievers felt overburdened. An analysis of student performance has portrayed that the low achievers show little improvement while the high achievers many a time complain of a lack of interest in learning as a result of the content not being challenging enough (Gibson, & Hasbrouck, 2008). Plan for Documenting and Assessing Achievement of Objectives I will employ instructed reading in a gradual manner in order to evaluate the prog ression of student achievement towards proficiency that is aligned to certain grades. Achievement will also be evaluated according to DRA benchmark evaluations administered at the beginning and end of the year. In order to evaluate enjoyment of reading and enhancement of interest, I will

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America Essay

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America - Essay Example This paper will depict the fact that college sports are disillusionment as they seek to benefit the colleges and not the college athletes. The film, â€Å"Hoop Dreams† depicts the lives of two African-American teenagers, William Gates and Arthur Agee as they pursue their dreams of becoming NBA stars. Indeed, they want to use basketball as a leeway to their financial and social woes. Fortunately, a scout from St. Joseph High School, which has a magnificent basketball program and great basketball alumni, like NBA. However, the film negates the idea that college athletic is a game by asserting that William strived to please everybody’s expectations when his knee is shot just when he had immense passion for the game. Notably, St. Joseph High School did not give the two teenagers full sponsorship but partial scholarships because they wanted to relate the sponsorship with the benefits that the double will bring to the school. Ideally, William was more gifted than Arthur a they joined different basketball teams in the school. Indeed, Pingatore, the coach compares William with Isiah Thomas, the NBA star who was al so a recruit of the same school. Notably, Arthur was both slow in class and on the court. As a result, the coach drops Arthur from the squad where he consequently lost the scholarship. This manifests the disillusionment that the school wanted to accrue benefits from Arthur and had to drop him since he could not advance to a perfect basket baller. Indeed, Arthur had to go back to public school. Unfortunately, he would still not graduate in the public school without transfer credits from St. Joseph's who had already withheld his credits due to accrued tuition arrears. In fact, had the school not offered him a scholarship, there would not be any arrears and hence the schools did not seek to benefit Arthur recruiting him to their basketball program. Indeed, it is clear that the school was only looking for looking for a basketball player and not for tuition fees. We can thus ascertain that the school did not aim at helping worthy students but at finding good basketball players who they d rop if they fail to make the target. At the same time, the article by Taylor Branch, â€Å"Shame of College Sports,† defines college sports as a real scandal aimed at generating financial revenue for the for universities and private companies as the college athletes earn nothing. Indeed, the article presents the case of a civil-rights historian seeking for the payment of college athletes. Indeed, the film portrays the lack of concern for the scholars after suffering injuries that jeopardize their progress on the court. However, the two lads survived the setbacks and continued with their pursuit where colleges recruited them. Actually, some college athletes suffer lifetime injuries and do not earn anything for that. The article claims that commercial interests buy schools and buy coaches to the disregard of the college athletes. In fact, Sonny Vaccaro told a closed hearing at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., in 2001 that they seek to put their materials on the athleteâ⠂¬â„¢s’ bodies by buying their school or their coach. Specifically, the Knight Foundation has interest in college athletics where it guards the interests of the likes of Vaccaro. Moreover,

Spiritual Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Formation - Essay Example Spiritual formation can be separated, therefore, into different definitions according to one’s beliefs and experiences. The spiritual life in the biblical sense is one that should affect one’s daily life and his relationships not only with God but also with his neighbors. The one objective that sums up Jesus’ teachings while on earth was love. This was further reinforced by his disciples in the writings of the New Testament â€Å"faith, hope, and love; and the greatest of these is love.† It is difficult to separate the spiritual life from everyday life. As in our love of God and love of neighbor, the value of our rituals and devotional life is judged by how we behave in our daily life and work (Westerhoff 3). The desire to understand one self and his humanity can lead to spiritual formation. There is an intrinsic desire in man to seek God or that higher being that will explain his purpose here on earth. Some persons confuse this desire by aspiring for material things. A successful career, a happy family, good health and financial stability do not necessarily bring inner peace and contentment that comes with spiritual formation or being spiritually tuned with God. Since the early church spiritual formation has taken on new dimensions and emphasis. In the early church there was that special bond with the believers who live in a community and share the experiences and difficulties that came with the establishment of a new way of living. Jesus began a -learn as -they -go method with the disciples. He didn’t ask much from them; only to follow Him. Some were fishermen, one was a tax collector but their new quest of spiritual formation overshadowed their faults and shortcomings. In His humanness Jesus accepted the fact that they came with their own baggage, backgrounds and personalities. These disciples were not formed instantly. Even when Jesus walked among them they exhibited different emotions and weaknesses. At times they were fearful, angry,

Pixel and Edge Based Lluminant Color Estimation

Pixel and Edge Based Lluminant Color Estimation Pixel and Edge Based Lluminant Color Estimation for Image Forgery Detection Shahana N youseph  and Dr.Rajesh Cherian Roy ABSTRACT Digital images are one of the powerful tools for communication. So Image security is a key issue when use digital images. With the development of powerful photo-editing software, such as Adobe Photoshop Light room 4, Apple Aperture 3, Corel PaintShop Pro X5, GIMP 2.8, photo manipulation is becoming more common. In this paper mainly detecting forged peoples in images. The main idea for the detection is, different images are captured under different illuminant condition, when combining these image fragments from different images, it is difficult to match the illumination conditions. This inconsistency of illumination leads to forgery detection. The main contribution of this method of forgery detection is how illuminant color can be used as a clue for forgery detection. The proposed method will be able to detect forgery using Linear SVM classification, with 70%-75% of accuracy. Keywords Pixel based illuminant color estimation; Edge based illuminant color estimation, I. INTRODUCTION Every day, millions of digital documents are produced by a variety of devices. They are distributed by newspapers, magazines, websites and television etc. In all these information channels, images are a powerful way for communication. It is not difficult to use computer graphics and image processing techniques to manipulate or to forge images. Video footage, scanned images, as well as digital and analogue images can be the target for manipulations. From a forensics perspective, several changes in a photograph are widely acceptable for improve the quality of images, e. g. to enhance the contrast, denoise an image, or highlight important regions etc.Forensics Science is a department for criminal investigation in distinct areas such as digital forensics, analogue forensics, multimedia forensics, network forensics etc.Image Forgery is the process of creating doctored/fake images, with the development of advanced image processing software’s such as Adobe Photoshop Light room 4, App le Aperture 3, Corel PaintShop Pro X5, GIMP 2.8 etc forgeries in images is easy process. Image Forgery detection is Active and Passive. Digital watermarking is an example of active. The passive image forgery detection is a blind approach, which means it does not have any prior knowledge of input image. There are various methods used for the checking of authenticity of images. In this paper the method used is based on illumination. When light fall on an object color of the object is reflected, depends on illuminant color/light color. Objects having different color in different illumination condition. So when we forge an image or making composite of various images it is very difficult to maintain the consistency of illumination. Illumination is one of the criteria for forgery detection. Some other criteria’s are used for passive image forgery detection such as, JPEG compression properties, Projective geometry, Chromatic aberration, Color filter array (CFA) and inter pixel corre lation etc. Literature Survey Table1. Illuminant Color Based methods Proposed Method First step is cropping face of the input image. This proposed method is mainly detecting forged peoples in an image. The estimation of the illuminant color is error-prone and it is affected by the materials in the scene, the illuminant color estimates on objects of similar material exhibit a lower relative error.Thus,the illuminant color detection to skin, mainly to faces. Pigmentation is the most obvious difference in skin characteristics. Second step is illuminant colour estimation, explained in next section. Fourth step is generation of illuminant map. Image is segmented with graph cut segmentation. Illuminant color is estimated using static methods on each segmented output with same index number. Based on the estimated illuminant color, apply it for the segments with same index number. The resulting output will be RGB components. This coloured representation of image with R G B components is termed as Illuminant Map. Fifth step is shape and colour feature extraction. For shape fe ature HOG Edge feature is used. An edge of illuminant map is extracted using various edge detection methods. Histogram of Oriented Gradients of edge points. For colour feature extraction. Colour Moments feature is used. Moments with first and second moments are extracted. Last step is SVM classification. Classify the illumination for each pair of faces in an image as either consistent or inconsistent. Assuming all selected faces are illuminated by the same light source, Train the SVM with two class with one class is for forged image and other for original image.When testing operation performed based on the test feature value image is classify either forged or original. ILLUMINANT COLOR ESTIMATION Pixel Based Illuminant Color Estimation Pixel values of the entire are taken for illuminant color estimation. In this methods focussed on low level features. Such as Grey World, Max-RGB, Shades of grey. Simple and less complex calculation is used for the estimation, with the help of some static variables. So it is also known as static illuminant color estimation. Grey World Hypothesis: In Grey World, Illuminant color is estimated from Average Pixel values of images. Under a neutral light source or white light source, Average reflectance of the entire image is achromatic (Having no colors), if any deviation from this condition is due to color of illumination. This average reflected color will be the color of the light source. Max-RGB Hypothesis: In Max-RGB, illuminant color estimated from maximum response of Red Green Blue (RGB) channel. Maximum response is obtained from perfect reflectance. A surface having perfect reflectance property will respond (reflect) for the full range of light colors it captures, when light incident on it. Then this reflected color is actually the color of light source. Shades of Grey: Grey world and the max-RGB illuminant color estimation in terms of Minkowski norm, is called shades of gray. , If p=1 Grey World Estimation If p=∞ Max-RGB Estimation If p=6 Shades of Grey Estimation Edge Based Illuminant Color Estimation Edge based illuminant color estimation is use low or higher order derivatives. In this methods edges and colors towards illuminant direction. In order to accurately estimate color of light source is use the pixel and edge points that coincide the illuminant direction. Highlights produce such types of points. In edge based estimation contains Grey edge and Weighted Grey edge estimation are used. In Weighted grey edge methods, using some weighting fuction to the edges. For that classifying the edges based on the photometric properties, material edges (e.g. edges between objects and object-background edges), shadow/shading edges (e.g. edges caused by the shape or position of an object with respect to the light source) and specular edges (i.e. highlights).These edges perform better influence on illuminant estimation. In Weighted Grey edge methods computing weighted average of edge points. The iterative weighting scheme is proposed, and by assigning this weighting scheme in to the grey ed ge method, the color of the light source is estimated. Edge based illuminant color estimation mainly contain, †¢ First Order Grey Edge †¢ Second Order Grey Edge †¢ Weighted Grey Edge First Order Grey Edge: The pth Minkowski norm of the first derivative of the reflectance in a scene is estimated. Computed by, Second Order Grey Edge: The pth Minkowski norm of the second derivative of the reflectance in a scene is estimated. Weighted Grey-Edge: Weighted Grey-Edge algorithm is computed by assigning a weighting function to the illuminant estimate. This weighting function is estimated by classifying edges based on the photometric properties and an iterative edge weighting scheme is generated. †¢ Derivative order x: the assumption that the average of the illuminants is achromatic can be extended to the absolute value of the sum of the derivatives of the image. †¢ Minkowski norm p: instead of simply adding intensities or derivatives, respectively, greater robustness can be achieved by computing the p-th Minkowski norm of these values. †¢ Gaussian smoothing ÏÆ': to reduce image noise, one can smooth the image prior to processing with a Gaussian kernel of standard deviation. Specular Edge Weighting scheme: Specular weighting scheme is the ratio of the energy in the specular variant versus the total amount of derivative energy. This ratio translates to the specular edge weighting scheme given by: , where , Results To check the accuracy of forgery detection using SVM classifier with SVM is trained with 50 forged and 50 original images and SVM is tested using total of 50 images where 25 are original and 25 are composite images downloaded from different websites in the Internet.SVM is trained several times for several testing process. First set of forgery detection testing is done with various illuminant estimation methods such as Grey World, MAX-RGB, Shades Of Grey and Grey Edge First and Second Order and weighted grey edge with shape feature and color feature extraction separately. In shape feature called HOG Edge use various edge detection methods such as Canny, Roberts, Prewitt, and Sobel for the comparative study. And finally the combination of color moment and HOG Edge is tested for forgery detection. Confusion matrix is generated accuracy is calculated. Accuracy=TP+TN/(TP+TN+FP+FN) Where, True Positive (TP) input-Forged, Output-Forged True Negative (TN)- input-not forged ,output-not forged False Positive (FP) -input-forged, output-not forged False Negative (FN)-input-not forged, output-forged . Table 2. Estimated Accuracy Of fogery detection with Various Illuminant Color Estimation Methods From the above result, when using all static illuminant color estimation method for forgery detection Weighted grey edge peform well when compare with other methods. Feature extraction used is HOG Edge and Color moments features for shape and color feature extraction. If use one feature extraction method only get 50%-64% of accuracy. If use combined HOG Edge and Color Moments features accuracy is improved to 66%-74%. Conclusions Presented a new method for detecting forged images of people using the illuminant color Estimation. Estimate the illuminant color using Pixel and Edge based Illuminant estimation method, and generation of illuminant map. Canny edge detector are used to obtain edges of illuminant map for the extraction of shape features using HOG Edge descriptor, which is used to get Histogram of oriented Gradients of edge points. For color feature extraction use color moments features. These two features are tested separately with different illuminant estimation method for the comparative study. Combination of these two features is also used for forgery detection for the comparative study.From the result it is clear that combined HOG Edge and color features get more accuracy than method used shape and color features separately.Accuracy is Estimated using SVM Classifier.The Combined feature extraction with Weighted grey edge testing process get 74% of accuracy. The proposed method requires only a mini mum amount of human interaction and provides a crisp statement on the authenticity of the image. Additionally, it is a significant advancement in the exploitation of illuminant color as a forensic cue. Prior color-based work either assumes complex user interaction or imposes very limiting assumptions. FUTURE WORK The accuracy of the classification can be improved by using adding more content based features. Use of training based illuminant color estimation also improves accuracy. References [1] Hany Farid ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-Image Forgery Detection [A survey]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-, IEEE signal processing magazine March- 2009 [2] C. Riess and E. Angelopoulou, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Scene illumination as an indicator of image manipulation,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Inf. Hiding, vol. 6387, pp. 66–80, 2010. [3] Gajanan K. Birajdar ,Vijay H. Mankar ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-Digital image forgery detection using passiv techniques: A surveyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-Elsevier 2013 . [4] J. van de Weijer, T. Gevers, and A. Gijsenij, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Edge-based color constancy,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 2207–2214, Sep. 2007. [5] M. Johnson and H. Farid, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Exposing digital forgeries by detecting inconsistencies in lighting,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security, New York, NY, USA, 2005, pp. 1–10. [6] Yingda Lv Xuanjing Shen Haipeng Chen, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢An improved image blind identification based on inconsistency in light source directionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 [7] M. Johnson and H. Farid, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Exposing digital forgeries in complex lighting environments,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 450–461, Jun. 2007 [8] M. Johnson and H. Farid, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Exposing digital forgeries through specular highlights on the eye,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. Int. Workshop on Inform. Hiding, 2007, pp. 311–325. [9] E. Kee and H. Farid, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Exposing digital forgeries from 3-D lighting environments,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on Inform. Forensics and Security (WIFS), Dec. 2010, pp. 1–6. [10] W. Fan, K. Wang, F. Cayre, and Z. Xiong, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢3D lighting-based image forgery detection using shape-from-shading,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. Eur. Signal Processing Conf. (EUSIPCO), Aug. 2012, pp. 1777– 1781. [11] E. Kee and H. Farid, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Exposing digital forgeries from 3-D lighting environments,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on Inform. Forensics and Security (WIFS), Dec. 2010, pp. 1–6. [12] S. Gholap and P. K. Bora, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Illuminant colour based image forensics,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Region 10 Conf., 2008, pp. 1–5. [13] X.Wu and Z. Fang, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Image splicing detection using illuminant color inconsistency,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia Inform. Networking and Security, Nov. 2011, pp. 600– [14] P. Saboia, T. Carvalho, and A. Rocha, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Eye specular highlights telltales for digital forensics: A machine learning approach,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP), 2011, pp. 1937– 1940. [15] C. Riess and E. Angelopoulou, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Physics-based illuminant color estimation as an image semantics clue,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, Nov. 2009, pp. 689–692. [12] S. Gholap and P. K. Bora, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Illuminant colour based image forensics,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- in Proc. IEEE Region 10 Conf., 2008, pp. 1–5. [16] K. Barnard, V. Cardei, and B. Funt, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢A comparison of computational color constancy algorithms–Part I: Methodology and Experiments With Synthesized Data,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 972–983, Sep. 2002. [17] K. Barnard, L. Martin, A. Coath, and B. Funt, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢A comparison of computational color constancy algorithms – Part II: Experiments With Image Data,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 985–996, Sep. 2002. [18] A. Gijsenij, T. Gevers, and J. van deWeijer, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Computational color constancy: Survey and experiments,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 2475–2489, Sep [19] P. F. Felzenszwalb and D. P. Huttenlocher, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Efficient graph-based image segmentation,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- Int. J. Comput. Vis., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 167–181, 2004

Male and Female Relationships in Generation Y Essay -- Sex Abstinence

Male and Female Relationships in Generation Y Sexual relationships among teenagers today involve not only dating and sexual activity, but also health and lifestyle issues such as sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Today’s teens are more informed and willing to practice safe sex than previous generations. As a whole, trends like body piercing for sexual pleasure all the way to strict abstinence have been adopted by Generation Y youth (Codrington). Where did it all begin? Heterosexual relationships have existed from the beginning of time, when the God of Christianity created Adam and Eve. Since that time relationships among heterosexual partners have continued to evolve. Instead of fathers arranging to give away their daughters to deserving men, people in America today now chose who they want to have relationships with. Dating and the Attractive Partner Sexual relationships usually begin with dating. Dating is the time when two people get to know each other and a time when they start to consider if they can have a long-term relationship. For today’s teens the new trend in dating is dating in groups of four, six, or even ten people (Stapinski). Even with this new trend however, the men are still asking the woman out. According to Leland Elliott and Cynthia Brantley, authors of Sex on Campus, 77 % of college boys still ask for the first date, while a mere 16 % of college woman take charge (49). Also, most college students (76 %) date only one person at a time. What do both men and woman look for in the opposite sex? If a woman were to answer for a man, most would probably list physical attributes such as eyes, smile, butt, and breasts, but the truth is that the number one thing a man l... ...girls in Jeopardy.† Human Ecology Forum Summer 1997:12+. * Pseudonym, to protect privacy 1 â€Å"Founded in 1916, world’s largest and oldest voluntary family planning organization. It is dedicated to the principles that every individual has a fundamental right to decide when or whether to have a child and that every child should be loved.† (www.plannedparenthood.com) 2 The condom concept dates back to 1350 B.C. when ancient Egyptians figured covering the penis might prevent pregnancy†¦Vulcanized rubber made an appearance as condom material in the mid 1800s. ( Sex on Campus 1997). â€Å"The Trojan brand has been a leader in providing videos and teaching guides for use in high school health education classes across the United States.† (Vogel 33). 3 HIV is an abbreviation for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus.† This virus is what causes AIDS ( Sex on Campus 1997).

“A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift Essay

The essay, â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift is a satirical piece that discussed, in great detail, the issues surrounding 18th century society as it pushed forward development as society progressed, both technologically and socially. The essay contained a ‘modest,’ albeit radical, proposal from Swift, wherein he tried to provide a rational solution to the problem of increasing population, scarcity, and poverty in his society under the British rule. Among Swift’s ‘modest proposals’ were the imposition of polygamy among humans, wherein â€Å"one Male [sic] will be sufficient to serve four Females,† and the practice of bearing children as Food, which he identified to be â€Å"very proper for Landlords. † These propositions provided a glimpse into the social problems Swift’s society experienced during his time, wherein poor governance, in order to be alleviated, was resolved through what Swift considered to be deviant and inhumane practices. Proposing these deviant and inhumane practices was a demonstration of the increased demoralization among the citizens of Swift’s society, a state which the author deemed to be too outrageous to be true but is actually occurring. Hence, in order to address these outrageous yet unconfronted social problems and issues, Swift’s essay generated the attention it deserved and warranted, therefore making the readers and the essay’s target audience aware of the social state at which their country found itself in. Swift’s essay, in effect, drove home the fact that in the midst of social progress and development, moral demoralization occurred as a consequence, defeating the purpose of development and progress in the society. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay How does Swift attempt to make his readers aware of the problems in Ireland with his pamphlet? To what extent do you think he succeeds? Satire; a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule and scorn. The modest proposal was considered one of the finest pieces of satire in world literature and was published as a pamphlet in 1729 in Ireland aimed at mainly the middle/ upper class of Ireland. The reasons for Swift’s outlandish and shocking pamphlet were to argue that the problem of poverty in Ireland can be best remedied by selling the babies of the less fortunate as food for the wealthy. He put forward his ideas in a pamphlet as this was a common method to publish an argument or in the public treatise arena. There was an issue of too many Protestants becoming quarrelsome over the Irish religious issues and something had to be done to resolve the complaints. This is where Swift’s proposal came into action as it addressed the issue and played on people’s prejudices and stereotypes of the Catholics and the Irish being inhumane savages. The proposal can be perceived as barbaric, cannibalistic and outrageous whereas some will see the logic behind it and how it will actually work. In the whole pamphlet he uses irony constantly to show satire and to horrify the public but sometimes you cannot always see the serious behind the writing. Swift sets up the proposal by giving the reader an insight into what someone might see as they walk through a town in Ireland in 1729. He describes the town (Dublin) as ‘great’ in the first paragraph but then carries on by saying that the streets are ‘crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four or six children’. He is putting the country down by writing about the streets swarmed with beggars. This tells the reader that he doesn’t like where the country is going as in poverty and homeless people. He is very blasi when mentioning the beggar’s children as if they don’t care about them and can’t even keep track of their offspring. He is describing a place where there is a problem and it needs to be fixed. When mentioning the women with several hungry and poor children, he wants the reader to feel sorry for them. If he can engage the reader with poignant images then they will be keen to agree with the proposal. When talking about the amount of children the women are having he doesn’t want to make people feel sympathetic or even think that they are stupid for having so many children and not being able to raise them. He is playing on stereotypes of anti-catholic Protestants because Catholics do not believe in contraception so they will conceive more children than Protestants regardless if they can or cannot support them. Swift is highlighting a problem which he thinks can be resolved. He starts to build up to the proposal by giving hints along the way like in paragraph 3 when he says ‘and shall take in the whole number at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them’. This sentence must make the reader puzzled as to what is going to follow about poor and helpless children who cannot be raised by their parents. Paragraph 4 is where Swift reveals the basic idea of the proposal by talking about how much it is to raise a baby until the age of one year for a poor begging family. He says that it would cost no less than 2 shillings as the baby would feed on its mother’s breast milk. When it does reach that age then the baby can be sold to feed and clothe the ‘many thousand’ Irish rather than the child becoming a burden to its parents as they will not be able to feed them much longer. I think that Swift writes this with a dispassionate tone even though the topic he is proposing is a sensitive area to the people who are reading it. He could have used some emotion rather than becoming so reserved. In paragraph 5 he starts stating the advantages of the scheme like preventing voluntary abortions and ‘that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children’. For some, this will emphasise the savage animalistic nature of the Irish. This is where Swift becomes aggressive and tries to persuade the reader that his proposal can solve these unfortunate mishaps just because the families these children are born into cannot support them. In paragraph 6, Swift uses statistics to rationalise his argument. In this section he writes very bluntly without any emotion at all. He starts calculating the amount of women who will be used as ‘breeders’ and those who will be able to support their children. He then calculates the amount of breeders in Ireland and minuses the amount of miscarriages. It’s good that he does use statistics because otherwise the reader will not be able to imagine how you can put this plan into action to solve the problem of too many poor Catholics in Ireland. By using statistics he could win the readers over because they are very logical and straightforward ways of thinking. He weighs out the factors that could affect the ‘breeders’. He uses the term ‘breeders’ as substitute names for the wives who will be producing the children. This is harsh and inhumane as you would normally associate ‘breeders’ as animals or cattle. If Swift didn’t use statistics then the readers would not be convinced as to how such a plan would ‘work’. In ‘A modest proposal’ Swift uses a lot of irony in his writing. Some examples of this is when Swift says that 12 year old boys and girls could be sold as an alternative to deer however the reason he changed his mind was because they wouldn’t be worth much money for their meat. This is because they will have to be fed alot more than a one year old baby as they are growing and need to have some fat and meat on them to be used as food. They would be expensive to breed, clothe and feed. He never gives the full proposal in the first paragraphs which builds suspense as you want to know more and ask questions about why he is doing what he is and when will this happen. Swift reveals his proposal in paragraph 9 and 10 by mentioning ‘a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London’ which implies that he is blaming the theory on someone before he even starts. He says that this man told him that a ‘young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food’. This line would have most probably shocked all readers because they would never think of eating babies however Swift would see it as comical because it is a ridiculous idea in the first place. He then adds to the horrific idea of eating children by listing some of the ways to cook them! This is where Swift is being satirical and humorous because he would never cook a child ‘in a fricasie, or a ragout’. It was just to shock the audience. In paragraph 10 he tells you how he would go about ‘reserving’ women for breeding purposes only and how the males will be made to breed and not be allowed to create a bond with the women. It would be like a production line which would be similar to ‘sheep, black cattle, or swine’. He refers to them as ‘savages’ which is very callous and unsympathetic. Swift then talks about how many people one baby will feed and how many it will entertain. He says that a child will make two dishes for friends and for a family meal they can use the fore hind quarter will make a reasonable dish. He talks about the baby as if it is any piece of meat. He wants the audience to feel that he is very blasi about the situation and that he doesn’t care that he is dehumanising the Irish in such a horrific way. I think that the way he is so unloving about the women being used as baby machines is terrible but the only reason he is removing the love is to show the lack of humanity given to the Irish. The objective is to lessen the amounts of ‘papists’ which is an abusive and racist term given which plays on peoples prejudices of the Irish. He takes anti-catholic/Irish sentiment to its logical conclusion.

Atenista Actions

A DOZEN OF THINGS EVERY ATENEAN CAN DO GIVE A HAND Let us be a person for others in our own little ways. Always be ready to serve and help those who are in need. Be happy when you find yourself in the position of helping others because God is answering their prayers through you. SHOW OFF The essence of being a human is not about our rank or greatness but how God made us to be a blessing for others in a very unique way. What we are, is a blessing to be cherished and to be shared and do not be afraid to show off.Let us be thankful for the talents, skills and abilities God gave us and be proud of who and what we are. BE AWARE OF THE RULES AND POLICIES Rules and regulations are made to make the community more progressive and productive. Not only productive in terms of economy but mostly, productive in making and producing morally, spiritually, mentally and physically equipped citizens. GO CLEEN (CLEAN AND GREEN) Let us be responsible with our environment. Let segregate our waste properly , help lessen pollution and plant more trees.Let us help maintain a clean and green environment and always remember the 5R's: Reuse, Repair, Reduce, Recycle and Rot. CAST YOUR VOTE Get involved during elections. Do not miss the opportunity that you can be the start of change. Your vote can make a great difference. EDUCATION FIRST We should value our education and prioritize our studies. We must learn how to say NO to temptations so that in the end, we’ll have nothing to regret. Education is the best tool to prosperity and success. LOVE EACH OTHERThe only key to a healthy community is love because when there is love there is peace, when there is peace there is progress, and when there is progress, there will be satisfaction and contentment in our daily existence. After all, love is what it all means in life. SPEAK YOUR MIND AND HEART Voice out what you think and feel is the right one to do. Don’t be afraid to speak out; nothing will be lost. It’s either we can le arn through mistakes from our decisions or someone else will learn from our thoughts and emotions. MAKE A M. O. V. E (Motivate Oneself ‘til the Very End)Motivation is the stepping stone of one’s success. Therefore; from the very beginning, along the way and ‘til the end of whatever we do, we should motivate ourselves to accomplish such and doing more out of it. REMEMBER S. O. A. P (SILENCE, OPENNESS, ACCEPTANCE AND PRAYER) We must have time to put ourselves in silence for a short while in order to reflect in our day-to-day existence. We must also accept things and be open-minded about the painful truth that exists in our society. Most of all, we must pray in order to contemplate; anywhere and anytime. ACT AS A ROLE MODELEveryone is entitled to be a leader, and we must act as we have been entitled. Each and one of us must act accordingly so that others would follow. By doing such, we can inspire other people and therefore motivating them to do the same. LOVE YOUR O WN The success of our nation lies in our own hands; therefore we must be patriotic enough to attain such. Loving our country does not only mean loving what our country own, but more of it is preserving our own heritage and culture. We should be proud of our country’s greatest treasures and make one of those rather than appreciating and making use of others’ culture.

Free Essays on A Martian Sends A Postcard Home Explication

"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings and some are treasured for their markings – They cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one fly, but sometimes they perch on the hand. Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on ground: Then the world is dim and bookish like engravings under tissue paper. Rain is when the earth is televison. It has the property of making colours darker. Model T is a room with the lock inside - a key is turned to free the world for movement, so quick there is a film to watch for anything missed. But time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box, ticking with impatience. In homes, a haunted apparatus sleeps, that snores when you pick it up. If the ghost cries, they carry it to their lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds. And yet they wake it up deliberately, by tickling with a finger. Only the young are allowed to suffer openly. Adults go to a punishment room with water but nothing to eat. They lock the door and suffer the noises alone. No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell. At night when all the colours die, they hide in pairs and read about themselves in colour, with their eyelids shut. Craig Raine Craig Raine Born in 1945 in County Durham located North of England. He graduated from Oxford, and afterwards, he was appointed as lecturer there. Much of his work is designed to help the reader to see the world from a fresh point of view. His poetry is flamboyant, self conscious, and witty. Summary "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" is a poem with seven ten stanzas. All of the stanzas have two lines identified, as a couplet even though the poem does not have a regular correspondence of sounds recognized as ryhme. The reading of poem is tricky at first; I had the impression that the title was literally me... Free Essays on A Martian Sends A Postcard Home Explication Free Essays on A Martian Sends A Postcard Home Explication "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings and some are treasured for their markings – They cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one fly, but sometimes they perch on the hand. Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on ground: Then the world is dim and bookish like engravings under tissue paper. Rain is when the earth is televison. It has the property of making colours darker. Model T is a room with the lock inside - a key is turned to free the world for movement, so quick there is a film to watch for anything missed. But time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box, ticking with impatience. In homes, a haunted apparatus sleeps, that snores when you pick it up. If the ghost cries, they carry it to their lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds. And yet they wake it up deliberately, by tickling with a finger. Only the young are allowed to suffer openly. Adults go to a punishment room with water but nothing to eat. They lock the door and suffer the noises alone. No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell. At night when all the colours die, they hide in pairs and read about themselves in colour, with their eyelids shut. Craig Raine Craig Raine Born in 1945 in County Durham located North of England. He graduated from Oxford, and afterwards, he was appointed as lecturer there. Much of his work is designed to help the reader to see the world from a fresh point of view. His poetry is flamboyant, self conscious, and witty. Summary "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" is a poem with seven ten stanzas. All of the stanzas have two lines identified, as a couplet even though the poem does not have a regular correspondence of sounds recognized as ryhme. The reading of poem is tricky at first; I had the impression that the title was literally me... Free Essays on A Martian Sends A Postcard Home Explication "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings and some are treasured for their markings – They cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one fly, but sometimes they perch on the hand. Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on ground: Then the world is dim and bookish like engravings under tissue paper. Rain is when the earth is televison. It has the property of making colours darker. Model T is a room with the lock inside - a key is turned to free the world for movement, so quick there is a film to watch for anything missed. But time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box, ticking with impatience. In homes, a haunted apparatus sleeps, that snores when you pick it up. If the ghost cries, they carry it to their lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds. And yet they wake it up deliberately, by tickling with a finger. Only the young are allowed to suffer openly. Adults go to a punishment room with water but nothing to eat. They lock the door and suffer the noises alone. No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell. At night when all the colours die, they hide in pairs and read about themselves in colour, with their eyelids shut. Craig Raine Craig Raine Born in 1945 in County Durham located North of England. He graduated from Oxford, and afterwards, he was appointed as lecturer there. Much of his work is designed to help the reader to see the world from a fresh point of view. His poetry is flamboyant, self conscious, and witty. Summary "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" is a poem with seven ten stanzas. All of the stanzas have two lines identified, as a couplet even though the poem does not have a regular correspondence of sounds recognized as ryhme. The reading of poem is tricky at first; I had the impression that the title was literally me...

Shakespeare's The Tempest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shakespeare's The Tempest - Essay Example However, in the story, Caliban appears to be knowledgeable but subjugated due to which, all his qualities are suppressed. The character of Caliban points towards closeness to nature, colonialism and slavery. The character of Caliban is described by Shakespeare as a ‘Savage and deformed slave’ that characterizes the upbringing of the creature (Graf 3). Caliban is nurtured by Prospero as a slave who makes use of the creature for his own benefits. He teaches Caliban his language with the help of which, Caliban can tell him about the marvels of the island. Caliban is native to the island and knows better than anyone else about the island. Prospero killed Caliban’s mother and take hold of young Caliban, about which, he says, Prospero taught Caliban how to use language and considering this as a service, he told Prospero about the island and its features that were hidden previously. After gaining knowledge of the details of the island, Prospero enslaves Caliban and considers him as an abhorred creature who knows nothing. For Prospero, Caliban is only a slave who is savage and deformed. He is far from civilization and knows nothing about it. Prospero calls Caliban with many abusive words and he regards him as a slave only created for his service such as he says, Prospero uses his power to keep control on the creature. Prospero makes Caliban to do what he likes and takes away his freedom and liberty. Caliban is allowed only to do what Prospero likes. Caliban is deprived of his right over the island and Prospero after making the island colonized regards it his property and the native of the island, Caliban becomes his slave. Prospero belongs to some other place and in reality, the island does not belong to Prospero but he takes hold of it because of his power. Caliban is the true dweller of the island and acknowledges this fact as he says, Caliban describes the fact that the island is usurped by Prsopero and he is

Social Inequality and the Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Inequality and the Law - Case Study Example (ii) There is another matter that, both of them are black murder cases. The judgment and the subsequent actions are said to be based on the fact that the victims were blacks. It is another similarity with the two cases that no offender was found even after a very pinpoint search. As in accordance with the changes in British law that came as an effect of the case of Stephen Lawrence James' father would have aremedy. David Blunkett who was a Home Secretary of Bratain introduced that, the Parliament of Britain forfited the provision against double jeopardy that was previously a strict prohibition. If there is a new and compelling evidence, retrials are now allowed. This is a positive aspect of James father.After the passing of The Race Relations (Amendment) Act (RRAA) 2000,it is more easy for the father of James to go to the Court and get a remedy from the Government. Whether the poor people, women and those from Black and minority ethnic classes are often barred from accessing to justice that is totally dependent on the practice of a state and the people live there. By proven information it can be stated that there is a relation between the race people and the police regarding the combating against racism. Because of institutional racism, or by mixing with other people from other ethnic communities through social events, some of the institutions supply an environment where users can change themselves into basic stream of the society by entering the offices from which they have enjoyed less access. Social justice and Social inclusion is necessary to guarantee full citizenship. Shifting conditions and formative culture are the suggestion of removing entire impartiality. Privilege of every proceeds, fortification and other obligatory requirements; recompense and life likelihood for all; and falling or diminishing excessive inequalities are the keys to take the behind people ahead. The major conference summit of the equalities program has been to protect strict groups from grievance, domination or exploitation, and agonize. There have been groups with natural behavior to struggle against femininity, disability and sexual course. In this situation there is a problem to broaden the religious relationship, social source, tongue and political thinking and opinions - and to focus on celebrating diversity and understanding how inequality arises and how they can be discussed. Service, goods and services in restricted access, under-representation in political, economic and community decis ion making; grass root level people in society; separation, i.e., through restricted employment opportunities; express unfairness; as well as pestering, threats and aggression are aspects of variation in rights. Almost every people in white groups can not take help from full citizenship - they are socially disqualified. Discrimination is of the processes that deny people from full nationality. Social justice can be best acquired through considering the dissimilar wishes of white classes. The requirements of women using public convey, given private security concerns, may vary to the